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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly the exact same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to permit ants to pass between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and fleas by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect which are bred in the laboratory and released into the environment.
The released organism will strain and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10
Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being useful for see here pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of the host plants. It is a major strategy in the control of Click Here corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or alternative methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce pest densities on big industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. However, effective control by pesticides is not easy; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate protection and retention on the crop are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more susceptible to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this way, a number of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
